Winter Driving and Tire Chains - When to Chain Up, Installation Steps, and Mountain Routes

Driving a commercial vehicle in winter requires preparation, skill, and respect for the elements. Snow, ice, and steep grades can quickly turn routine trips into hazardous journeys. Knowing when and how to chain up your tires is essential for maintaining traction and staying legal in states with chain laws. This comprehensive guide covers everything new drivers need to know about winter driving: recognizing when chains are required, choosing the right chains, installing them safely, navigating mountain routes, avoiding common mistakes, and preparing before the season begins.

When to Chain Up and Understanding Chain Laws

Chain laws vary by state and can change based on weather conditions. Generally, you must carry chains—and use them—when authorities deem road conditions hazardous. Key points include:

• Seasonal requirements: Some mountain passes require drivers to carry chains between specific dates, even if the roads are clear. Failing to carry chains can result in fines.
• Chain‑up areas: In snow zones, you’ll find designated pull‑outs where you can safely install chains. Use these areas rather than blocking lanes.
• Signs and warnings: States post signs or use highway message boards when chain usage is mandatory. The requirement might apply to all vehicles or only to those over a certain weight.
• Specific tire requirements: Regulations often specify which tires must be chained (e.g., drives only, or drives plus one trailer axle). Always consult your state’s Department of Transportation (DOT) or a trucker’s atlas for up‑to‑date chain laws.

Failing to comply with chain laws can lead to citations or being turned away at the pass. Carrying chains and understanding when to deploy them is non‑negotiable for winter drivers.

Choosing the Right Chains

Several types of chains are available for commercial trucks:

• Link chains: Traditional chains made of steel links provide maximum traction. They’re durable but heavier and harder to install than other types.
• Cable chains: These chains use steel cables instead of links. They’re lighter and easier to install but offer less traction. Cable chains are suitable for lighter snow conditions.
• Automatic chains: Some trucks have automatic chain systems that deploy chains under the wheels at the push of a button. These systems are convenient but expensive and must be maintained properly.

When selecting chains, ensure they match your tire size and are rated for the weight of your vehicle. Inspect chains before the season to check for broken links, rust, or missing cross‑chains. Carry spare chains in case of damage.

Installation Steps: How to Put Chains On Safely

Installing chains can be tricky, especially in cold, wet, or windy conditions. Practice at home before you need them. Follow these general steps (adapted from Les Schwab’s instructions for chain installation):

1. Practice installation beforehand: Installing chains for the first time on a snowy roadside is stressful. Practice on dry ground to ensure the chains fit and you know the process.
2. Prepare your vehicle: Pull off the road into a designated chain‑up area or a safe, level shoulder. Turn on hazard lights and set the parking brake. Wear warm, waterproof clothing, gloves, and high‑visibility gear.
3. Identify drive tires: For rear‑wheel drive trucks, chain the drive axle. If required by regulations or severe conditions, chain additional tires or trailer axles.
4. Untangle the chains: Lay the chains flat on the ground behind or in front of the tires with hooks facing away from the tire. Check that cross‑chains are straight and not twisted.
5. Drape the chains over the tire: Lift the chains onto the top of the tire, letting them drape evenly over the tread and sidewalls.
6. Connect the inside fastener: Reach behind the tire and connect the inner chain hook or latch. Adjust the chains so they’re evenly spaced.
7. Connect the outside fastener: Pull the chains tight and secure the outer hook or latch. Some chains have built‑in tensioners; otherwise, use a bungee or rubber tightener to remove slack.
8. Tighten and center: Ensure the chain is centered on the tire and the cross‑chains are lying flat against the tread.
9. Drive forward and re‑tighten: Move the truck forward about 20–30 feet, then stop and re‑check the chains. Tighten them again if needed.
10. Repeat for remaining tires: Follow the same steps for each tire that needs chains.

These steps provide a general guide. Always read the manufacturer’s instructions for your specific chains and follow any additional recommendations.

Safety Tips for Driving with Chains

Once you’re chained up, adjust your driving to avoid damaging your chains or vehicle:

• Drive slowly: Most chain manufacturers recommend a maximum speed of 25 mph. Driving faster can cause chains to break or come off.
• Avoid sudden movements: Accelerate and brake gently to prevent wheel spin or skids. Sudden braking can cause chains to break or damage your tires.
• Stay off bare pavement: Chains wear quickly on bare asphalt. When the road clears of snow and ice, remove your chains to prevent damage.
• Listen for noise: If you hear banging or dragging, stop immediately. A broken chain can whip around and damage your vehicle or other vehicles.
• Check regularly: If driving long distances with chains, stop periodically to ensure they remain tight and undamaged.

Driving with chains requires patience. Rushing puts you and others at risk and can result in costly repairs.

Navigating Mountain Routes in Winter

Mountain routes present unique challenges beyond chain installation:

• Plan your route: Use weather and road condition reports to determine which passes are open, closed, or require chains. Some apps provide live updates from DOT agencies.
• Carry emergency supplies: Keep extra food, water, blankets, flashlights, and a shovel in your cab. Mountain passes can close unexpectedly, leaving you stranded for hours or days.
• Use engine braking: Downshift and use the engine brake rather than relying solely on the service brakes. Overusing the brakes on long descents can cause overheating and brake failure.
• Watch for black ice: Ice patches can be invisible. Reduce speed on bridges, shaded areas, and curves where ice forms first.
• Follow signage: Obey posted speed limits and chain requirements. Don’t attempt to cross a pass if authorities have closed it.

By respecting the mountains and preparing accordingly, you can navigate winter routes safely and deliver your load without incident.

Rookie Mistakes and How to Avoid Them

New drivers often make avoidable errors when chaining up. Avoid these common mistakes:

• Waiting too long to chain up: Don’t try to push through snow or ice without chains when conditions worsen. If you’re sliding or losing traction, pull over in a safe area and chain up.
• Installing chains on the wrong tires: Always chain the drive axle. If chain laws require additional axles, follow those rules.
• Leaving chains loose: Loose chains whip around, damage the truck, and provide little traction. Use tensioners and re‑tighten after driving a short distance.
• Using damaged chains: Broken or rusted chains can fail when you need them most. Inspect and replace damaged chains before the season.

Practicing installation in good weather helps you avoid fumbling in the cold and dark. The more comfortable you are with the process, the safer you’ll be when snow starts to fall.

Start Your Journey as a Truck Driver

Winter driving isn’t something you can improvise. Preparation is essential for safety and compliance. ELDT Nation’s online ELDT theory training includes modules on winter driving techniques, chain usage, and cold‑weather vehicle maintenance. By completing the theory portion early, you ensure you understand chain laws, installation procedures, and safe driving practices before you face snow and ice.